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While the "RARE/FreeRouter-101" series teaches you how to start using RARE/freeRouter, in the "P4Lang P4 for dummydummies" articles article series, you'll learn how to start programming with the P4Lang P4 language. As a reminder, P4 dataplane is a type of dataplane that can be coupled to RARE/freeRouter as it is described in article 101-#003 and 101-#004. The final objective of this article series is to help you compile the VERY FIRST RARE/freeRouter test case that is covering:

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This 1st article exposes:

  • A brief introduction to the P4 language
  • A basic P4 development workflow
  • Some basic specificities of the P4 language
Info
titleNote

This article is preliminary a pure introduction to P4lang P4. It does not correspond in any way to an extensive programming language description nor a P4 compilation guide.

Diagram: P4 development workflow

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[ #001 ] - Cookbook: P4 development workflow

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titleP4 in a nutsgellnutshell

Based on what we mentioned, what does the "P4 Domain specific language" brings to  give you ? Concretely:

  1. you You can write a program as you would in C or C++ but you'd have to follow the P4 language specification. (The current one is P4_16, there is also a previous P4_14 specification.)
  2. that That program is compiled with a p4 compiler in P4_16 or P4_14 . (similar to C++14/C++11) 
  3. Resulting The resulting compilation artifacts can be then loaded into an equipment implementing a P4 model commonly called a P4 target that is able to interpret/run p4 binaries. Here we will be using BMv2, a softwarized P4 target intended for learning.


Warning
titleTake away

The specificities are:

  • This P4 program is YOUR program
  • This P4 program allows you to define the YOUR OWN packet processing logic

In short, you can now program:

« how «how a packet that comes into your system, is processed and goes out your system»


Info
titleDiagram packet processing description

The diagram above depicts 2 perspectives: 

  • P4 program development workflow
    • It starts by writing your P4 program using your favorite editor
    • compile your program with the P4 compiler of your target
    • load your program into the P4 target
  • my_program.p4 packet progressing logic: "all packets arriving at port 4 are switched/forwarded to port 8"
    • In this example, the switch has 8 ports
    • A ingress packet arrives at port 4
    • the ingress port is then checked
    • If it is port 4, then the packet is switched to port 8
    • my_program.p4 does not implement a default condition, so all the packets not arriving on port 4 are then dropped
    • the ingress packets arrived with a header with charateristics set by the previous node
    • if needed, my_program.p4 is able to set modify the egress packet header for further processing by the next network node (Example example of Inband in-band network Telemetry)


Router for Academia Research & Education (RARE) & P4

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titleP4 rationale

The RARE project objective is to provide a networking solution to Research & Education institution use cases. While we witnessed the birth of several control plane such as GNU Zebra, Bird, exaBGP, etc. The common point of these softwares is that they don't have the capability (yet) to be coupled easily with a hardware dataplane. Simply put, these software control plane cannot be used without specific/important development in order to run on an equipment able to forward nx100GE links at a high Mpps rate. 

There have been attempts with DPDK and other kernel bypass mechanism, that enabled higher throughput processing capability, but this is not comparable to commercial/vendor equipment's packet processing power. 

P4:

  • opens you the door to software AND hardware dataplane programmability
  • gives you the possibility to implement YOUR own packet processing algorithm 
Info
titleRARE contro control plane: freeRouter

In the RARE project, we are using a software control plane called freeRouter:

  • It is an open source control plane
  • It has been developed and maintained by Csaba MATE, who is working for KIFU the Hungarian NRENIt has been deployed since 2014 and benefits from hours of production in various environment
  • Interworking has been extensively and continuously tested with major equipment vendors
  • Last but not least Csaba freeRouter's maintainer is included in the RARE team which allowed Rapid Application development and prototyping in order to build control plane and P4 dataplane communication.


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titleP4 targets

P4 use cases are mostly inherently linked to the P4 target you plan to use in order to run your P4 program: 

A comprehensive list can be found here. 

  • P4Lang BMv2 V1Model target:

It is the P4Lang virtual model that emulates a PISA architecture. You can run it on a VM and start writing your first P4 program and load it on simple_switch and/or simple_switch_grpc (if you plan to use P4Runtime). While this is a great solution in order to learn P4 and sketch your packet processing algorithm, it is not recommended for production use.

  • INTEL/BAREFOOT TOFINO/TOFINO 2

This target implement also implements a PISA architecture and propose proposes a Virtual model so that you can validate your algorithm. However, once validated on the virtual model, you can load your program into a hardware switch that is running a NPU called TOFINO and his elder its bigger brother TOFINO2. While TOFINO is able to handle 6.4 Tbps of traffic rate, TOFINO2 simply double doubles this. (12 Tbps) In addition to that, TOFINO2 is exposing additional inherently capability exposes additional inherent capabilities like bigger buffer, memory and TCAM than compared to his little brother.


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titleP4 RARE use cases

This is These are the use cases enabled by the combination of P4 and RARE software:

  • Service Provider core router:

You can build a robust packet switching fabric at the scale of Telecom Service Provider able to switch packet packets at nx100GEn×100GE

  • Service Provider edge router: 

You can build an edge router an Interconnect the core router above. These router routers will terminate your backbone network service like L2/L3 plain IP or VPN services (IPv4 - IPv6)  

  • Datacenter ToR switch 

With the WEDBE100BF32X WEDGE100BF32X you can have 2x100GE uplinks toward 2 distinct "leaf switches", it leaves you 30x100GE servers server connections.

  • Datacenter Spine/Leave Leaf switch 

The WEDGE100BF32X is also a good candidate router in DC as a core/leave spine switch. You can create a fabric able to switch 6.4 Tbps trafic rates

  • Internet Exchange

In this case, the WEDGE100BF32X is 100GE a peer aggregator or simply integrated into the IXP distributed core fabric.

  • MAN/CPE router

The STORDIS BF2556X-1T presents with its flexible connectivities connectivity options is a good candidate for regional network implementation. It has 8x100GE ports, 2 of them can be used as uplinks toward their main transit provider, 2 other can be used to provide EAST/WEST connection via 2 different fire routes, this leave 4x100 ports in case you need to increase capacity. The STORDIS also has 16x[1/10/25] GbE ports, 32x[10/25] GbE ports which gives the possibility to interconnects users via various access port bandwidth.

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Tip
titleP4Lang P4 for dummy [ #001 ] - key take-away

__THE__ exciting INNOVATION provided by P4 boils down into this community language that unlocks and opens for you the door of system's dataplane. Till now, dataplane programming was reserved to commercial vendors. Some of these dataplanes like the well known CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding) are specific to Cisco equipment. Juniper, has its own dataplane (not sure about the name) implemented by Forwarding Plane component. (example of vMX architecture)    

P4 language inherent characteristics:

  • Behavioural Behavioral programming language
  • Language with constraints 
  • Limited number of variable types
  • With fixed size
  • P4 is not a general purpose language, You cannot program any software. like C, C++ or Java

It is therefore a simple language, that is easier to be tamed by network managers rather than pure software developerdevelopers. Indeed, writing a P4 program is all about defining the behavior of a network packet processing algorihtm algorithm based on intrinsinc variable intrinsic variables encoded into the packet header.  

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